Solar photovoltaic
Converting sunlight directly into electricity.
A tilted array of photovoltaic modules. The sketch represents a physical installation, not a wiring diagram.
Photovoltaic cells convert light into direct-current electricity. Modules combine cells, and an inverter typically connects their output to an AC network.
From light to DC electricity
A photovoltaic cell uses semiconductor materials to produce electricity when it absorbs light. Cells are connected into modules, and modules into larger arrays. An inverter normally converts their DC output for an AC connection.
Output changes with sunlight, shading, temperature, and operating conditions. A panel’s nameplate rating is measured under specified test conditions; it is not a promise of constant output throughout the day.
Why it matters
PV systems can be built at very different scales, from individual rooftops to large power stations.
In the field
Photovoltaic modules at the Travers Solar Farm in Alberta, Canada. The dark cells convert sunlight to DC electricity.
Kkiefuik This photo was taken with Canon EOS Rebel T5i · CC BY 4.0 (resized)